Created by

Wollensak, American, 1899 - 1972

Used by

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Owned by

Mosque No. 7, American, founded 1946

Medium

metal and plastic

Dimensions

H x W: 6 1/2 x 12 x 10 5/8 in. (16.5 x 30.5 x 27 cm)

Type

audio equipment

machine-readable artifacts

Place used

New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Date

1960

Description

Wollensak Stereo-tape magnetic recorder, Model T-1515. Beige plastic with silver metal. The front of the recorder has several beige buttons to play, record and stop as well as volume and tone controls. There is a counter to track the time of the recording to the left of the buttons. The lid of the recorder lifts off so that tape reels can be placed inside for recording. The lid of the recorder has the words [3M WOLLENSAK]. The handle on the side of the recorder also includes the word [WOLLENSAK].

Topic

African American

Mass media

Politics (Practical)

Religious groups

Social reform

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2011.53

Restrictions & Rights

No Known Copyright Restrictions

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Tools and Equipment-Audiovisual

Exhibition

Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: The Era of Segregation, 1876-1968

On View

NMAAHC (1400 Constitution Ave NW), National Mall Location, Concourse 2, C 2053

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Photograph by

Gomel, Bob, American, born 1933

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Ali, Muhammad, American, 1942 - 2016

Medium

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions

H x W (sheet): 17 × 22 in. (43.2 × 55.9 cm)

H x W (image): 13 3/4 × 20 3/8 in. (34.9 × 51.8 cm)

Type

gelatin silver prints

Date

1964

Description

This gelatin silver print depicts a candid shot of Malcolm X photographing Muhammad Ali. Malcom X stands behind the counter top of what appears to be a diner or bar with a camera held to his face, smiling as he focuses on Ali across the counter and to his right. Ali wears a bemused expression and rests his hands on the counter top. Seated at the counter and beyond to where the frame of the image ends, are numerous men dressed likewise in suits; many pictured have focused their attention on the interaction between Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali. There is only one woman pictured three rows back from the counter.

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Men

Photography

Religious groups

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2014.166.9

Restrictions & Rights

© Bob Gomel/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images. Permission required for use.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Produced by

National Educational Television, American, 1954 - 1970

Edited by

Anderson, Madeline

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Dr. Shabazz, Betty, American, 1934 - 1997

Owned by

Bowser, Pearl, American, born 1931

Medium

16mm Film (a): acetate film;

Film Reel (b): metal;

Film Can (c): metal

Dimensions

Duration: 14 Minutes

Length (Film): 500 Feet

Type

motion pictures (information artifacts)

Place filmed

Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York County, New York, United States, North and Central America

Date

1969

Caption

This 16mm film is a short documentary made by Madeline Anderson for National Education Television's Black Journal television program to commemorate the four year anniversary of the assassination of Malcolm X.

Description

This 16mm black and white film print is a short documentary made for the National Education Television's Black Journal television program. Editor Madeline Anderson compiled footage of Malcolm X to commemorate the four year anniversary of his assassination.

Consists of: 16mm Film (a), Original 600 foot metal Film Reel (b), and Original 600 foot metal Film Canister (c).

2012.79.1.37.1a: 16mm film. This film opens with footage of the public attending the funeral/wake of Malcolm X, and a voice-over of a male narrator recounts the sentiments of some individuals describing what Malcolm X meant to the African American community during his life and after his assassination. Malcolm X's wife, Betty Shabazz, discusses Malcolm's early childhood roots, family, stints in foster care and boys' homes, and his struggle to stay on the straight and narrow in Boston, MA. The narrator then picks back up describing Malcolm X's biography and attitude towards race relations and integration in America. Excerpts from various television interviews with Malcolm X play. During the first interview clip, Malcolm explains why he believes integration has not been successful and cannot be successful (during that particular point in time) unless certain issues are addressed. In the second interview clip, Malcolm discusses why he was silenced by the Nation of Islam for a comment he made shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He elaborates on what he actually meant by saying that "chickens are coming home to roost" amid an unaddressed climate of hate in the United States. The third interview is with Malcolm after he returned from his pilgrimage to Mecca. American reporters ask him about his feelings on integration in America, now that he has returned from Mecca, where Muslims from all over were participating in the pilgrimage to Mecca together. Malcolm states that his feelings on integration have not changed as a result of the brotherhood he experienced during his trip Mecca. An interview with Betty Shabazz picks up again, and she further explains her late husband's beliefs concerning integration and his wish to redirect the goal of the black struggle from civil rights to human rights by internationalizing the struggle and aligning African Americans with other marginalized groups around the world. Another interview with Malcolm X plays, and he explains, in his own words, how human rights is an international issue that should be addressed by the United Nations. Footage of a civil rights demonstration plays. Malcolm X addresses students in Selma, Alabama and talks about charging the United States with human rights violations. Further, he tells a story in which he defines what he believes to be the difference in mentality between what he calls a "field negro" and a "house negro". He states that he is a "field negro" ready to fight for his freedom.

2012.79.1.37.1b: Original 600 foot film reel.

2012.79.1.37.1c: Original 600 foot film canister. The metal can has two sticker labels, one on each side, with the name of the film and the film distribution company or organization.

Topic

African American

Black power

Civil Rights

Film

Mass media

Resistance

Social reform

Television

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Pearl Bowser

Object number

2012.79.1.37.1a

Restrictions & Rights

© National Educational Television

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title

Pearl Bowser Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Film and Video

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Published by

Young Communist League, American, founded 1920

Written by

Monteiro, Tony, American

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Communist Party of the United States of America, American, founded 1919

Medium

ink on paper

Dimensions

H x W: 8 7/16 x 5 1/2 in. (21.5 x 14 cm)

Type

pamphlets

Date

after 1965

Description

A pamphlet about Malcolm X. The front features black print on white paper. At center, there is a black and white photograph of Malcolm X. The interior consists of five pages of text. The inside back cover has a tear away section with a form that could be filled out to join the Young Communist League. The back of the pamphlet is blank.

Topic

African American

Mass media

Political organizations

Politics (Practical)

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the family of Dr. Maurice Jackson and Laura Ginsburg

Object number

2010.55.29

Restrictions & Rights

No Known Copyright Restrictions

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Documents and Published Materials-Published Works

Memorabilia and Ephemera-Political and Activist Ephemera

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Created by

Yoors, Jan, Flemish American, 1922 - 1977

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Medium

photographic paper

Dimensions

H x W (image): 12 1/16 × 8 1/8 in. (30.6 × 20.6 cm)

H x W (paper): 13 15/16 × 10 15/16 in. (35.4 × 27.8 cm)

Type

photographic prints

portraits

Place captured

Harlem, New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Date

1962; printed December 2, 2010

Description

Black and white photograph of Malcolm X standing amongst stacks of books inside Michaux's Bookstore looking down and reading a book. The image was captured in 1962 but was printed from the original negative under the supervision of the Yoors Family Partnership, LLC in December 2010. The photograph includes on the verso an estate stamp with the estate signature, title, negative and print date, edition number, managing partner and copyright.

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Communities

Education

Literature

Photography

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, courtesy of Yoors Family and L. Parker Stephenson Gallery

Object number

2011.162.2

Restrictions & Rights

© 1965 Jan Yoors

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Manufactured by

Unidentified

Owned by

Oyewole, Abiodun, American, born 1948

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Medium

plastic laminate , metal

Dimensions

H x W x D: 3 1/8 x 2 1/8 x 1/4 in. (7.9 x 5.4 x 0.6 cm)

Type

buttons (information artifacts)

Place collected

New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Date

late 20th century

Description

Pin-back button featuring an image of Malcolm X. The rectangle-shaped button is vertically oriented and has a purple background. A black-and-white halftone image of Malcom X is centered underneath green type that reads [WATCH YOUR BACK]. Behind the image of Malcolm X there are a red and an off white line. The red line has an [X] at the edge of its right side.

Topic

African American

Activism

Civil Rights

Politics (Practical)

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Abiodun and Last Poets Memorabilia

Object number

2011.46.21

Restrictions & Rights

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Memorabilia and Ephemera-Political and Activist Ephemera

Exhibition

A Changing America: 1968 and Beyond

On View

NMAAHC (1400 Constitution Ave NW), National Mall Location, Concourse 1, C1 053

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Created by

Adelman, Bob, American, born 1930

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Medium

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions

H x W (Image): 12 1/2 x 9 7/16 in. (31.8 x 24 cm)

H x W (Sheet): 14 1/8 x 10 15/16 in. (35.9 x 27.8 cm)

Type

gelatin silver prints

portraits

Place depicted

Harlem, New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Date

1965; printed later

Description

A black-and-white photograph of Malcolm X in his casket, shrouded in accordance with Islamic tradition, as African American men and women file by at the funeral viewing.

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Photography

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2012.107.1

Restrictions & Rights

© Bob Adelman. Permission required for use.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Created by

Parks, Gordon, American, 1912 - 2006

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Medium

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions

H x W (Image): 12 1/4 x 8 1/2 in. (31.1 x 21.6 cm)

H x W (Sheet): 13 7/8 x 10 13/16 in. (35.2 x 27.5 cm)

H x W (Mat): 20 x 16 in. (50.8 x 40.6 cm)

Type

gelatin silver prints

portraits

Place depicted

Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, United States, North and Central America

Date

1963

Description

A black-and-white photograph of Malcolm X speaking into a microphone and gesturing forward with his left hand, which is holding what appears to be a folded white handkerchief.

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Photography

Religious groups

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2012.107.27

Restrictions & Rights

© Gordon Parks Foundation. Permission required for use.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Created by

Parks, Gordon, American, 1912 - 2006

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Medium

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions

H x W (Image and Sheet): 13 1/8 × 8 7/8 in. (33.3 × 22.5 cm)

H x W (Mat): 20 x 16 in. (50.8 x 40.6 cm)

Type

gelatin silver prints

Date

1963

Description

A black-and-white photograph of Malcolm X on a plane, framed by the seats in the row in front of him, leaning his head forward on his left hand and reading a newspaper with the headline "Brothers of the Killers Selected to Judge!"

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Photography

United States--History--1961-1969

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2012.107.30

Restrictions & Rights

© Gordon Parks Foundation. Permission required for use.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Photography

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Created by

Unidentified

Subject of

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, American, founded 1957

Dr. King, Martin Luther Jr., American, 1929 - 1968

King, Coretta Scott, American, 1927 - 2006

Rev. Abernathy, Ralph David, American, 1926 - 1990

Guevara, Che, Argentine, 1928 - 1967

Zapata, Emiliano, Mexican, 1879 - 1919

Villa, Pancho, Mexican, 1878 - 1923

Murrieta, Joaquin, Mexican, c. 1829 - c. 1853

National Liberation Front, active 1954 - 1976

Chairman Tse-Tung, Mao, Chinese, 1893 - 1976

President Kennedy, John F., American, 1917 - 1963

Senator Robert F. Kennedy, American, 1925 - 1968

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Poor People's Campaign, American, 1967 - 1968

Medium

oil paint and ink on plywood

Dimensions

H x W x D (overall): 123 × 384 × 1/2 in. (312.4 × 975.4 × 1.3 cm)

Type

mural paintings

Place used

Washington, District of Columbia, United States, North and Central America

Date

1968

Description

This is a mural, comprised of twelve (12) painted plywood panels, that was created and displayed in the Resurrection City encampment on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. during the summer of 1968. The panels were installed together, four panels (4) horizontally across the top and eight (8) panels installed vertically on the bottom, to form a thirty-two (32) foot long wall. The boards were painted by Resurrection City activists with slogans, quotes and art. Painted text at the top of the panel reads: [Hunger's Wall: Tell It Like It Is].

Topic

African American

Activism

Art

Black power

Freedom

Justice

Local and regional

Men

Poverty

Race relations

Resistance

United States--History--1961-1969

Women

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Vincent DeForest

Object number

2012.110

Restrictions & Rights

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Visual Arts

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Created by

Unidentified

Subject of

Dr. King, Martin Luther Jr., American, 1929 - 1968

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Poor People's Campaign, American, 1967 - 1968

Medium

oil paint and ink on plywood

Dimensions

H x W x D: 75 × 48 × 1/2 in. (190.5 × 121.9 × 1.3 cm)

Type

mural paintings

Place used

Washington, District of Columbia, United States, North and Central America

Date

1968

Description

Eleventh (11) of twelve (12) painted plywood panels from the Resurrection City mural that was created and displayed in the encampment on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. during the summer of 1968. Depicted on this panel is a variety of text painted in green, red, and yellow paint, including "MY LORD / MY SAVIOR / MARTIN LUTHER KING", "Freedom or Death", "Malcolm" and "KANO." Some phrases and sentences are split between this panel and the panels to its left and right, including text in green paint: "POVERTY'S/ CHILD [line] / SMALL HOUSE / NO WORK FOR MY FAMILY / BORN TO THIS FOODLESS FATE / I WOULD TELL YOU WITH WORDS / THAT I'M DYING / BUT NOTHIN'S LEFT TO ME / NOT EVEN CRYING". This segment is from the lower right corner, second from the right.

Topic

African American

Activism

Art

Black power

Freedom

Justice

Local and regional

Men

Poverty

Race relations

Resistance

United States--History--1961-1969

Women

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Vincent DeForest

Object number

2012.110.11

Restrictions & Rights

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Visual Arts

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Manufactured by

Unidentified

Subject of

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Organization of Afro-American Unity, American, founded 1964

Medium

metal, ink on paper

Dimensions

H x W x D: 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 1/4 in. (4.4 x 4.4 x 0.6 cm)

Type

buttons (information artifacts)

Date

1971

Description

A white pin back button with a black and white image of Malcolm X. Malcolm X is seen from the shoulders up and is looking to the right of the pin. He is wearing a suit, tie, and shirt. Around the image, in an arc, is black text that includes the date of the event. The text reads: [ORGANIZATION OF AFRO-AMERICAN UNITY, INC. / MAY 19 / MALCOLM-X DAY]. On the reverse are two small, round stickers with the numbers [65] and [1124]. The back of the button has a metal fastener and clasp.

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Politics (Practical)

United States--History--1969-2001

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2012.159.8

Restrictions & Rights

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

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National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Classification

Memorabilia and Ephemera-Political and Activist Ephemera

Exhibition

A Changing America: 1968 and Beyond

On View

NMAAHC (1400 Constitution Ave NW), National Mall Location, Concourse 1, C1 053

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture

Produced by

Bourne, St. Clair, American, 1943 - 2007

National Educational Television, American, 1954 - 1970

Greaves, William, American, 1926 - 2014

Owned by

Bowser, Pearl, American, born 1931

Subject of

Dr. Shabazz, Betty, American, 1934 - 1997

X, Malcolm, American, 1925 - 1965

Interview of

Fuller, Howard, American, born 1941

Subject of

Harambee Singers, American, founded 1966

Reagon, Bernice Johnson, American, born 1942

Medium

16mm Film (a): acetate film;

Film Reel (b): metal;

Film Can (c): metal

Dimensions

Duration: 10 Minutes

Length (Film): 320 Feet

Type

motion pictures (information artifacts)

Place filmed

Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, United States, North and Central America

Durham, Durham County, North Carolina, United States, North and Central America

Date

1969

Caption

This 16mm film is a short documentary made for National Educational Television's Black Journal television program. Producer St. Clair Bourne chronicles the opening of Malcolm X Liberation University in Durham, North Carolina on October 25, 1969.

Description

This 16mm color film is a short documentary subject made for National Educational Television's Black Journal television program. Producer St. Clair Bourne chronicles the opening of Malcolm X Liberation University in North Carolina.

Consists of: 16mm Film (a), Original 400 foot Film Reel (b), and Original 400 foot Film Canister (c).

2012.79.1.68.1a: The film opens with a student meeting/rally at Duke University, in which one unidentified student speaker (male) states why they longer wish to participate in a system they don't believe speaks to the needs of African American college students. A male narrator begins to speak, explaining what the Black Student Movement at Duke University was and how it originated and morphed into a separate institution. An interview with Howard Fuller begins to play, and he expresses why he doesn't believe in institutionalized black studies programs. Footage of him announcing the opening of Malcolm X Liberation University begins to play, and is followed by clips of the opening celebratory parade and rally. The narrator describes the new university's proposed curriculum and study abroad program in Africa. Howard Fuller addressed the crowd by reading a statement from Stokely Carmichael, and introduced guest speaker Betty Shabazz. During her speech, white train workers in a nearby train yard rang a train car bell to interrupt her speech. A visiting professor who was in attendance climbed on top of the train car and silenced the bell so Betty Shabazz could finish her speech. A small group of women sing "The Black Magician" onstage. Courtland Cox, a representative from Malcolm X Liberation University's sister school in Washington, DC, closed the ceremony. The film ends with an interview with Howard Fuller speaking on the role of Malcolm X Liberation University can and hopes to play in the black liberation struggle.

2012.79.1.68.1b: Original 400 foot film reel.

2012.79.1.68.1c: Original 400 foot film canister. The metal can has a sticker label from a film distribution company with the name of film.

Topic

African American

Civil Rights

Education

Film

Race discrimination

Race relations

Television

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Pearl Bowser

Object number

2012.79.1.68.1abc

Restrictions & Rights

© National Educational Television

See more items in

National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection

Collection title

Pearl Bowser Collection

Classification

Media Arts-Film and Video

Exhibition

A Century in the Making

On View

NMAAHC (1400 Constitution Ave NW), National Mall Location, Concourse, C X06

Data Source

National Museum of African American History and Culture