This exhibition explores the complex story of slavery and freedom which rests at the core of our nation’s shared history. The exhibition begins in 15th century Africa and Europe, extends up through the founding of the United States, and concludes with the nation’s transformation during the Civil War and Reconstruction.

    An introduction to the David M. Rubenstein History Galleries Slavery and Freedom exhibition by Mary Elliott, NMAAHC Curator of American Slavery.

    Through powerful objects and first person accounts, visitors encounter both free and enslaved African Americans’ contributions to the making of America and explore the economic and political legacies of the making of modern slavery. The exhibition emphasizes that American slavery and American freedom is a shared history and that the actions of ordinary men and women, demanding freedom, transformed our nation.

    Priceless objects provide the visitor with a personal experience with the past. One cannot view Harriet Tubman’s shawl, Nat Turner’s Bible, the small shackles made for the fragile ankles of a child, or a slave cabin without contemplating the individuals who owned or encountered such objects. Such powerful artifacts bring to life the stories of inhumanity and terror, and of resistance, resilience and survival. Objects open up conversations and dialogue and provide a space for Americans to reach out beyond themselves to recognize a shared past.

    Main Messages:

    • Slavery is a shared story resting at the heart of American political, economic, and cultural life.
    • African Americans constantly and consistently created new visions of freedom that have benefited all Americans.
    • African American identity has many roots and many expressions that reach far back into our past.
    Silk lace and linen shawl given to Harriet Tubman by Queen Victoria, ca. 1897

    Silk lace and linen shawl given to Harriet Tubman by Queen Victoria, ca. 1897
    Gift of Charles L. Blockson, 2009.50.39

    Exhibition Experience

    The exhibition explores the following themes:

    • The Making of the Atlantic World (15th -18th centuries)
    • African Peoples
    • European Peoples
    • Trade and Contact
    • The Middle Passage and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
    • Colonial North America
    • The American Revolution
    • The Paradox of Liberty and The Founding of America
    • Free Communities of Color and the Limits of Freedom
    • Slavery and the Making of a New Nation
    • The Domestic Slave Trade
    • African American Freedom Struggles
    • Abolitionist Movements
    • Slave Resistance
    • Everyday Acts of Rebellion
    • Life and Work during Slavery
    • The Civil War and the Coming of Freedom
    • Emancipation and Reconstruction

    Explore More

    large central vignette an African American family enjoy domestic tranquility around a "Union" stove while, immediately below, a baby symbolizing the New Year breaks the shackles of a kneeling slave. Scenes at left detail horrors associated with slavery–whipping, branding and the separation of families. At right, these are contrasted with future blessings–payment for work, public education, and enjoying one’s own home, goals that could only be realized if the Union won the war.

    The Emancipation Proclamation: Striking a Mighty Blow to Slavery

    The year 2023 marks the 200th anniversary of one of the most important documents in the nation’s history, the Emancipation Proclamation. The Executive Order issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War provided freedom to enslaved Black people in the rebelling states. Though slavery continued to legally exist in the nation, in slave-holding states that had not left the union, the Emancipation Proclamation marked a major turning point in the hard fought battle to end slavery nationwide.
    Read More about The Emancipation Proclamation: Striking a Mighty Blow to Slavery
    Albumen print of enslaved women and their children near Alexandria, Va. NMAAHC Collection.

    To Freedom: Voices of the Formerly Enslaved

    The United States abolished slavery Dec. 6, 1865, by amending the Constitution to state, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
    Read More about To Freedom: Voices of the Formerly Enslaved
    the welcome screen of the Searchable Museum website as shown on a laptop monitor

    Searchable Museum

    The Museum  launched its newest digital initiative, The Searchable Museum in November 2021. The project’s first digital exhibition to be shared is Slavery and Freedom, a foundational feature from the museum’s David M. Rubenstein History Galleries, entirely reimagined for the digital space.

    Explore More about Searchable Museum

    View The Collection

    Charleston slave badge from 1850 for Porter No. 75

    Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Partial Gift of Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. DDS, Col. (Ret.) and his Family, dedicated to the individuals these Slave Hire Badges represent and their descendants
    View Object about Charleston slave badge from 1850 for Porter No. 75

    Charleston slave badge from 1853 for Mechanic No. 171

    Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Partial Gift of Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. DDS, Col. (Ret.) and his Family, dedicated to the individuals these Slave Hire Badges represent and their descendants
    View Object about Charleston slave badge from 1853 for Mechanic No. 171

    Charleston slave badge from 1857 for Servant No. 2010

    Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Partial Gift of Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. DDS, Col. (Ret.) and his Family, dedicated to the individuals these Slave Hire Badges represent and their descendants
    View Object about Charleston slave badge from 1857 for Servant No. 2010

    Charleston slave badge from 1844 for Fruiterer No. 80

    Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Partial Gift of Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. DDS, Col. (Ret.) and his Family, dedicated to the individuals these Slave Hire Badges represent and their descendants
    View Object about Charleston slave badge from 1844 for Fruiterer No. 80

    Charleston slave badge from 1811 for Carpenter No. 27

    Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Partial Gift of Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. DDS, Col. (Ret.) and his Family, dedicated to the individuals these Slave Hire Badges represent and their descendants
    View Object about Charleston slave badge from 1811 for Carpenter No. 27

    Charleston slave badge from 1823 for Fisher No. 88

    Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Partial Gift of Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. DDS, Col. (Ret.) and his Family, dedicated to the individuals these Slave Hire Badges represent and their descendants
    View Object about Charleston slave badge from 1823 for Fisher No. 88
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