Written by
Gre´goire, Henri, French, 1750 - 1831
Wheatley Peters, Phillis, American, ca. 1753 - 1784
Subject of
Wheatley Peters, Phillis, American, ca. 1753 - 1784
Date
1808
Medium
ink on paper with leather and cardboard
Dimensions
H x W x D: 8 1/8 × 5 1/4 × 13/16 in. (20.6 × 13.4 × 2.1 cm)
Caption
Phillis Wheatley Peters (c. 1753 – 1784) was born in West Africa and captured by slave traders as a child, whereupon she was sold to John and Susanna Wheatley of Boston, Massachusetts. She was named after the slave ship on which she was transported to the Americas and the name of her enslavers, but her surname of Peters is that of the man she married in 1778—John Peters, a free man of color.
The story of the discovery of her talent by the Wheatley family is oft told—they taught her to read and write, and by age fourteen, she had begun to write poetry that was soon published and circulated amongst the elites of late eighteenth century America and Great Britain. Her first and only volume of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773), was published in London with the assistance of wealthy abolitionists. Peters’ poetry brought her renown in abolitionist circles as proof of the humanity of those of African descent and the inhumanity of the institution of slavery.
The Wheatleys manumitted Peters in 1773 under pressure from critics who saw the hypocrisy in praising Peters’ talent while keeping her enslaved. They died within a few years of this decision, and Peters soon met and married grocer John Peters. Her life afterwards was indicative of the troubled freedom of African Americans of the period, who were emancipated but not fully integrated into the promise of American citizenship. Peters was also affected by the loss of all three of her children—the birth of the last of whom caused her premature death at age 31 In 1784. Despite being feted as a prodigy while enslaved, the emancipated Peters struggled to find the support necessary for producing a second volume of poetry and her husband’s financial struggles forced her to find work as a scullery maid—the lowest position of domestic help. Posthumous publications of Peters’ poetry in various anthologies and periodicals solidified her image as a child poet for the benefit of abolitionist activism and African American cultural pride in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the twenty-first century, the accumulation of this collection is a restoration of Peters the woman and the influence of her poetry and activism today.
Description
A first edition of De la Littérature des Nègres by Henri Grégoire, printed in 1808 in Paris, France, for bookseller Chez Maradan. The text contains biographical portraits of fifteen prominent Black individuals, including Francis Williams, Phillis Wheatley, Jean-Baptiste Lislet Geoffroy, Ignatius Sancho, Thomas Fuller, Jacobus Capitein, Ottobah Cugoan, Benjamin Bannaker, and Olaudah Equiano. Three of Wheatley's poems are printed in English with French translations on pages 260 through 272. Grégoire critiques Thomas Jefferson's Notes on Virginia, his false sympathy towards Africans, and his grudging acknowledgement of the talent and potential of individuals of African descent. Foxing is visible on interior pages. Spine has abrasions on the head and tail. Covers are bent inwards towards the text block. 287 numbered pages.
Place printed
Paris, France, Europe
Collection title
Phillis Wheatley Peters Collection
Classification
Books and Published Materials
Movement
Anti-slavery movements
Abolitionist movement
Type
hardcover books
Topic
Catholicism
Literature
Poetry
Slavery
Women
Credit Line
Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
Object number
A2021.113.1.16
Restrictions & Rights
Public domain
Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.
GUID
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5901506ec-38c6-4c0e-9a1c-ac0f2a7a1274

Cataloging is an ongoing process and we may update this record as we conduct additional research and review. If you have more information about this object, please contact us at NMAAHCDigiTeam@si.edu

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